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Yes, we covered that in the thread on Policy. Average French doc brings in about $100,000/yr, vs $300,000 in the US. But the US doc has a pile of student loans to pay off, while the French doc's education, as you said, cost little or nothing.
It is not just educational debts. French doctors pay less for healthcare. American doctors, like every other American, pay a fortune for their families' healthcare. It adds up to substantial amounts of money.
If you factor in healthcare costs as taxation, American doctors pay more in taxes than other first-world doctors.
The upper middle class buys or was buying long-term care insurance. It is very valuable and very expensive. Another taxation. To maintain savings accounts into deeper old age, married doctors need it. Long-term care is an actual expense we all face: it, too, is inflated here.