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Author: mechinv   😊 😞
Number: of 1020 
Subject: S&P 500 hits record high
Date: 01/19/2024 5:43 PM
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[Also posted to the Index Investing board.]

Both the Dow and the S&P 500 hit record highs today.

The people who have reaped the rewards of what the market has delivered over the last 15 years are the people who stayed fully invested in index funds through

* Brexit in 2016
* the 2018 Nasdaq near bear-market
* the 2020 Pandemic bear market when the US unemployment rate hit 14%
* war in Ukraine
* the 2022 bear market
* Israel/Hamas war
* skyrocketing interest rates with the 10-year T-bill hitting 5%
* continual declarations over the years that the market was overvalued

The key to succeeding in the market is patience that is measured in years, discipline, and temperament. Lots of intellectuals sound smart when predicting crashes and poor returns ahead. But when it comes to investing, temperament beats intellect. It's best not to celebrate too much when the market is going up, and not to be crestfallen when the market goes down. Just continue to be even-tempered through the ups and downs, and ignore the gloom and doomers.
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Author: mungofitch 🐝🐝🐝🐝 SILVER
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Number: of 1020 
Subject: Re: S&P 500 hits record high
Date: 01/27/2024 12:58 PM
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The people who have reaped the rewards of what the market has delivered over the last 15 years are the people who stayed fully invested in index funds through...

It's a good list. Most geopolitical events, in particular, can not even be spotted on long term charts, let alone offer a lasting effect.

But there is one perhaps useful exception:
Looking back to some periods in the past, like 2000, the people who reaped the rewards were those who did NOT participate in bubble valuations. Starting from the March 2000 peak, the S&P 500 real total return without any taxes was still negative over 13 years later. That's maybe half the usual investing career, not just a transient blip to live through with a cheery attitude. It was well under 2%/year at the 20 year mark.

The most recent anniversary was the 23 year mark last year. That wasn't exactly a market bottom, and there has been a long running trend of increasing valuation levels, so things should have looked good. Yet the people who bought at the 2000 bubble peak had still made a real total return of only 3.6%/year. I am sure they can contain their excitement. After all, if you pay twice as much as fair value for something, you still have an investment portfolio worth half as much even after an infinite number of years of patience in a market rising on trend.

Geopolitical stuff usually doesn't matter. But price matters a lot.

Don't get me wrong. If the broad cap-weight US market is at clearly very high valuation levels, there is no need to try to time the market by going to cash. That's both time consuming and extraordinarily difficult.

Instead, just don't own the broad cap-weight US market at those times! I wouldn't hold SPY today if you paid me. Instead, just hold stuff a bit more selectively that isn't, by itself, as overvalued. There's always something that isn't so bad. Conversely, when markets are not crazily priced and a bull market is still underway, there is no point trying harder than owning an index.

Jim
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Author: mechinv   😊 😞
Number: of 1020 
Subject: Re: S&P 500 hits record high
Date: 01/27/2024 11:45 PM
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Starting from the March 2000 peak, the S&P 500 real total return without any taxes was still negative over 13 years later. That's maybe half the usual investing career, not just a transient blip to live through with a cheery attitude. It was well under 2%/year at the 20 year mark.

Yep, I lived through that period and remember it well. Many baby boomers like me are on this board, and remember it well also.

So how do you explain that so many of us stayed invested through that bubble period and still retired early years ago? The problem with your illustration is that it assumes that the investor put in a big lump sum in the market in early 2000 and never invested again. That's not a realistic assumption, and it's not the way index funds get purchased in a 401K plan.

Back in 2000, those of us in the baby boom generation were still 10 to 20 years away from retirement. It would have been a huge mistake to have stopped dollar cost averaging into a tax deferred S&P 500 fund when your retirement was that many years in the future. The monthly index fund purchases you made in 2001 and 2002 when things were the most bleak made spectacular returns and helped you retire early.

It seems rational and smart to say that you could have "timed the market" and you shouldn't have bought when the trailing P/E of the market was high. Unfortunately, there is no statistically significant correlation between the market's overall P/E ratio and forward returns. This seems counter-intuitive, but it's true. And you don't need to take my word for it. Listen to what Citigroup's equities director said:

"When we look at the relationship between the market's multiple and forward returns, it's nonexistent," Citi US equity strategy director Drew Pettit told Yahoo Finance. "The correlation between returns and PE is almost zero over the past 20 years."

BMO chief investment strategist Brian Belski agrees.

He prefers not to make valuation calls because they're a "trap."

"Valuation is actually the worst metric for future performance," Belski said. "Too many people are looking at the market and they want to make these broader market calls. And they're not kind of looking at the underlying components of the market. You know, after all, the stock market is a market of stocks; you don't buy the entire market."

Reference: https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/with-the-sp-500-...

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Author: AdrianC 🐝  😊 😞
Number: of 15059 
Subject: Re: S&P 500 hits record high
Date: 01/29/2024 7:51 AM
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It seems rational and smart to say that you could have "timed the market" and you shouldn't have bought when the trailing P/E of the market was high. Unfortunately, there is no statistically significant correlation between the market's overall P/E ratio and forward returns. This seems counter-intuitive, but it's true.

What about Cyclically Adjusted PE?

Random article:

The Remarkable Accuracy of CAPE as a Predictor of Returns
https://www.advisorperspectives.com/articles/2020/...

CAPE:
https://www.multpl.com/shiller-pe

Currently about the same as in 2001.
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Author: mechinv   😊 😞
Number: of 15059 
Subject: Re: S&P 500 hits record high
Date: 01/29/2024 9:48 AM
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What about Cyclically Adjusted PE?

There was an excellent study of CAPE and future market returns done by one of the board members here (tedthedog), which he posted at

https://www.shrewdm.com/MB?pid=592241089

Take a look at the Dropbox link within that post for the charts showing CAPE on the x-axis and forward returns on the y axis.

Ted found that during various 10-year periods after 1995, higher CAPE ratios were correlated with low total market returns over the subsequent 10 years, but he was unable to find a correlation in 10-year periods before 1995.
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Author: mechinv   😊 😞
Number: of 15059 
Subject: Re: S&P 500 hits record high
Date: 01/29/2024 2:35 PM
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Here's another study on CAPE that came out recently.

"Why the High Values for the CAPE Ratio in Recent Years Might Be Justified"

https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/16/9/410

The author says "Relying solely on historical CAPE averages to forecast equity returns may therefore prove unreliable. The findings in this paper indicate that investors should incorporate multiple factors, including required return and expected earnings growth, when forming capital allocation decisions across asset classes. Rotating out of the equity market simply because the CAPE Ratio shows that the equity market is too expensive might not produce the desired outcome that investors hope for."
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Author: mungofitch 🐝🐝🐝🐝 SILVER
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Number: of 15059 
Subject: Re: S&P 500 hits record high
Date: 01/29/2024 3:03 PM
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"When we look at the relationship between the market's multiple and forward returns, it's nonexistent," Citi US equity strategy director Drew Pettit told Yahoo Finance. "The correlation between returns and PE is almost zero over the past 20 years."

It's a great quote, but unfortunately it is completely contradicted by the actual data results. That's a problem for a lot of things you find in the financial press. So, other than being completely wrong, it's a great insight.

An example of actual results
http://www.datahelper.com/mi/search.phtml?nofool=y...
One would be hard pressed to look at that table and conclude that market valuation levels don't have an effect on forward market returns.

Higher than average market valuation multiples reliably lead to poor forward returns in the medium term, and vice versa.
Rather unsurprisingly, I would think.

For market timing, valuation levels lie somewhere between terrible and completely useless. But they do represent an outstanding input for estimating medium to long run returns, and the main thing that anyone doing retirement planning should use.


As always, the discussion refers only to the returns from the broad cap-weight US equity market, or a portfolio that strongly resembles that.
If that isn't a good characterization of what you own, the conclusions aren't particularly relevant.

Jim
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Author: mechinv   😊 😞
Number: of 15059 
Subject: Re: S&P 500 hits record high
Date: 01/29/2024 8:23 PM
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Both the S&P 500 and your favorite, Berkshire Hathaway, are hitting record highs, so what are we arguing for? We should both be out celebrating.

It's a great quote, but unfortunately it is completely contradicted by the actual data results. ... So, other than being completely wrong, it's a great insight..

You're comparing apples and oranges. When looking for correlations, Citigroup's Director of Equities put market P/E ratios on the x-axis, whereas you put CAPE ratios there.

P/E and CAPE are not the same thing! The P/E ratio is simply price divided by trailing 12-months EPS. Whereas, to calculate CAPE, you need to average the EPS over the past 10 years AND you have to adjust those earnings for INFLATION. Inflation is a whole 'nother dimension that a simple P/E doesn't capture.

So you can't accuse Citigroup's Director of being wrong. He's a quant, just like you. When he says there's no correlation between simple P/E ratios and forward market returns, he's 100% correct. Because he's not talking about CAPE. If you plot simple TTM market P/Es against forward market returns, the scatterplot looks like a mess. No correlation.

If you put inflation-adjusted CAPE values on the x-axis, then, as your own study showed, there is still no ability to say anything about market returns over the next 1 to 3 years. But you start to see a correlation over the next 4 to 10 years. You see it using post-1996 10-year returns.

So here's the bottom line.

Can you use the market's simple P/E ratio to time the market over the next 1 to 3 years? No

Can you use the market's simple P/E ratio to plan your retirement which is 10 years away? No

Can you use the market's CAPE ratio to time the market over the next 1 to 3 years? No

Can you use the market's CAPE ratio to plan your retirement which is 10 years away? Yes, if you believe the post-1996 results will continue.

Is there a correlation between CAPE and forward 10-year returns since the early 20th century (120+ years)? No




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Author: mungofitch 🐝🐝🐝🐝 SILVER
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Number: of 15059 
Subject: Re: S&P 500 hits record high
Date: 01/30/2024 3:59 PM
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Citigroup's Director of Equities put market P/E ratios on the x-axis, whereas you put CAPE ratios there.
P/E and CAPE are not the same thing!


No argument, I didn't mean to suggest otherwise.
I don't look at trailing-twelve-month P/E ratios as a market valuation metric because they have close to zero predictive power. Sometimes earnings are depressed meaning a seemingly high P/E and the market is a great buy, and vice versa.


Can you use the market's simple P/E ratio to time the market over the next 1 to 3 years? No
Sounds right.

Can you use the market's simple P/E ratio to plan your retirement which is 10 years away? No
Sounds right.

Can you use the market's CAPE ratio to time the market over the next 1 to 3 years? No
Sounds right. One possible exception: when CAPE shows the market to be very cheap, it generally works out well quite quickly. That's rare, of course.

Can you use the market's CAPE ratio to plan your retirement which is 10 years away? Yes, if you believe the post-1996 results will continue.
Reasonable. Though nothing about 1996 is special...though it can't give you specific numbers, high CAPE values lead to poor forward results pretty reliably, and vice versa. Both pre 1996 and post 1996.

Is there a correlation between CAPE and forward 10-year returns since the early 20th century (120+ years)? No
Well, that one is false. The numbers go up and down together, just not perfectly.
Around the end of 1929 CAPE was high (even after the crash), and the next 7 years were negative in real total return.
By end 1931 CAPE showed things to be cheap, and the next ~7 years returned almost 12%/year in real total return.
And so on.

The main thing is to appreciate is that the 20th century was a period of gradually rising valuation levels. If you adjust for that, the match gets a lot better. Without a doubt, the pile of cyclically-adjusted earnings you're buying for each $1 is the single biggest determinant in what your returns will be in the next 5-15 years.
What are the failures as a predictor, even after adjusting for slowly rising valuations? Mainly three.
* Returns starting around 1950s were higher than you'd expect, because valuations were so high in the "Nifty Fifty" 1960s era, around when Mr Buffett closed his partnership for lack of good investment prospects.
* Returns starting in the early 1970s were a lot lower than you'd expect, just because things were so darned cheap in the early 1980s.
* Starting from the early 1990s the returns were a lot higher than you'd expect, because valuations were so extreme around the start of the millennium.
But other than those stretches the match is darned good when scaled appropriately, squiggle for squiggle. If you assume, as seems reasonable, that valuation levels at the end of a decade will be neither wildly high nor low, the cyclically adjusted earnings yield can given you a very good guide to what you ought to expect as a return.

Unfortunately nobody can predict whether valuation multiples will continue rising from here, stay about the same, or fall back in the direction of the old norms. But I guess we can't look at the old data and pretend it didn't happen.

Jim

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Author: mechinv   😊 😞
Number: of 15059 
Subject: Re: S&P 500 hits record high
Date: 01/31/2024 11:20 PM
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Hey Jim,

Sounds right

Thanks for confirming that neither the inflation-adjusted CAPE ratio nor the P/E ratio of the market can be used to say anything about future market returns during the next 3 years. There's no correlation with CAPE or P/E that you can take advantage of to time the market over time periods that are less than 3 years.

We also agree that if you look 10 years out, then recent history shows a correlation between high CAPE values and lower market returns. That's what Schiller claimed in his original paper, and the post-1996 market data do show that correlation, over multiple 10-year periods.

Where I think we disagree is whether or not this CAPE correlation has persisted throughout market history, starting from the 1900s.

We have 2 new studies that have just been done on CAPE where no consistent correlation was found using all 10-year periods throughout market history. One was by board member tedthedog, that I already referenced, where he said that were periods prior to 1996 where the R-squared correlation coefficient "fell off a cliff". See his post at https://www.shrewdm.com/MB?pid=592241089

And then we have a new paper on CAPE by Leo Chan published last year that says:

"Attempts to time the stock market to make an above-average return is one of the most common practices among individual investors. Empirical evidence from behavioral finance suggests that investors who try to time the market often meet with disastrous outcomes.

I show that the correlation coefficient between the CAPE Ratio and forward excess returns is positive rather than negative, as suggested in Campbell and Shiller’s original paper. "

What he's saying is that he actually found periods where the relationship was the opposite! I.e., there were periods where high CAPE ratios were followed by high market returns, and other periods where low CAPE ratios led to low market returns.

Bottom line: CAPE cannot consistently forecast market returns over the next 10 years.

Please read Chan's paper at https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/16/9/410#B5-jrfm-16...

Thanks,
Mechinv





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Author: mungofitch 🐝🐝🐝🐝 SILVER
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Number: of 15059 
Subject: Re: S&P 500 hits record high
Date: 02/01/2024 6:50 AM
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Thanks for confirming that neither the inflation-adjusted CAPE ratio nor the P/E ratio of the market can be used to say anything about future market returns during the next 3 years. There's no correlation with CAPE or P/E that you can take advantage of to time the market over time periods that are less than 3 years.

It's not so much that there is no correlation, but that the error bars are so wide that it's pretty useless as a trading input.
Simply put, 3 years is a window short enough that it might just be a continuation of the current bull or bear market, or a horrible short-lived bear might be about to start. Stuff happens.

These are the forward returns by decile of starting trend real earnings yield. (like CAPE, just a bit smoother averaging method for the real earnings)

There is a nice progression from expensive=bad returns through to cheap=good returns, but note that the outcomes in a given bucket generally have a range of around 30%/year.
Good correlation, bad predictive model : )

Three year forward annualized rate of real total return from S&P 500 at various starting valuation levels based on trend real earnings yield:
                                 Lowest    Pctl 10    Average    Pctl 90    Highest
Most expensive 5% of time -14.4% -13.2% -10.8% -7.3% 0.0%
Next 10% of time -10.9% -7.8% 0.1% 7.7% 12.4%
Next 10% of time -3.3% -0.5% 5.7% 12.9% 17.8%
Next 10% of time -9.7% 0.0% 6.1% 18.9% 22.0%
Next 10% of time -10.0% -8.8% 2.6% 10.7% 23.8%
Next 10% of time -8.9% -6.3% 6.2% 20.0% 24.7%
Next 10% of time -7.6% -3.1% 11.2% 25.1% 26.8%
Next 10% of time -2.9% 0.3% 12.5% 25.9% 27.3%
Next 10% of time 1.6% 10.8% 17.2% 26.7% 28.4%
Next 10% of time 6.3% 7.1% 11.2% 18.9% 28.9%
Cheapest 5% of time 7.8% 8.8% 12.9% 16.5% 21.4%

As before, the starts of each hold observation are a single date with a specific earnings yield slotted into a bucket, and the endpoints are smoothed.
This particular table is for starting dates January 1990 through January 2020, 30 years.

The best way to think of a valuation metric like CAPE is as a pretty good predictor of annualized returns from now until half way down the next bear market (or the one after that), or from now until half way up the next bull market (or the one after that): any ending date at which valuation levels aren't extremes but closer to typical.
But as it says nothing about how many years it might be until that next halfway point is reached, one has little idea how long the predicted rate of return will take.

Bottom line: CAPE cannot consistently forecast market returns over the next 10 years.

Well, I think my table shows the reverse pretty conclusively. Even best observed return in the most expensive/worst starting date is worse than the worst outcome from the cheapest/best starting date.
But perhaps you have other data which supports the idea that it has no predictive power at those time frames.



"Attempts to time the stock market to make an above-average return is one of the most common practices among individual investors. Empirical evidence from behavioral finance suggests that investors who try to time the market often meet with disastrous outcomes.

Yes, that's usually the case, I have to agree. Market tops in particular are very hard to see at the time.
Personally I have had some modest success spotting market bottoms, which has added a bit to my beer and pizza budget over time. My most recent "major market bottom" call 2022-09-30 was off by 8 trading days. The "buy" signal was only 0.2% above the lowest daily close within about ~1.5 years before the signal, or any time since. Better than random, anyway.
The signal was posted here www.mungofitch.com

I used the same model to call the absolute bottom 2009-03-04. http://www.datahelper.com/mi/search.phtml?nofool=y...
That time it was four trading days early, and only 2.9% above the lowest close between 1996 and today. It did give several dodgy buy signals in late 2008 on the way down--they were nicely profitable after a year, but it was (ahem) a bumpy year.

Jim

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