Subject: Re: S&P500 valuations
Could you please give an example of intangible investments?

Sure.

Pfizer had 89 active projects as of February 2022 for research and
development of drugs. These projects can take as much as 10 years
before getting to market. Some of them will never make it to market.
The expense associated with these projects will appear on the income
statement even though any benefits won't be realized for many years,
if at all. These development activities are intangible -- they're not
physical like a factory or store.

Ears